During the previous era of rapid globalization and relatively free trade, the primary goal of establishing global supply chains was to minimize costs and leverage comparative advantages. But as global geopolitical competition has intensified, major governments have erected trade barriers to shield their domestic industries. Export controls and other protectionist measures have led private and publ...

... industrial infrastructure—to advance industrial development and national and regional competi- tiveness. Building on this definition, we functionally classify 17 SEZ regimes into four archetypes: (i) FDI and trade-promotion zones (e.g., Free Economic Zones, Free Trade Zones, Foreign Investment Zones), targeting export expansion and global capital; (ii) industrial competitiveness and cluster zones (e.g., Advanced ...

... article is part of a series of contributions by global scholars to be published in IER leading up to the 50th anniversary of KIET's founding. In contrast to the relatively fluid process of trade and FDI growth at the height of the globalization era (from the 1980s to mid-2000s), the period from the financial crisis of 2008 to the present is characterized more by disruption and geopolitical fragmentation. The ...